The principle of the coupling mechanism is as follows. When
nevyzhatoy clutch pedal pressure plate, which is called the clutch
cover, pushes through the diaphragm spring clutch disc to the flywheel,
thus ensuring the transfer of force from the engine to the gearbox. When
clutch pedal is depressed the pedal through a cable actuator acts on
the release bearing, which moves along the shaft of the gear box and
presses the clutch levers. Levers
turn back the lead disc springs are compressed, the clutch disc is no
longer cling to the flywheel and transmit torque from the engine to the
drive shaft of the box. Smooth clutch is ensured by sliding drives until the full pressing them together.
Coupling with two driven wheels is different from the single-disk friction clutch mechanism for the presence of medium pressure plate, which is located between the two driven wheels.
In the majority of Russian trucks use mechanical drive clutch, which consists of a pedal, return spring, thrust roller with lever arm clutch fork, forks, snatch spring clutch with thrust ball bearing.
Turn off the clutch pedal by. In this case, all the drive components come into interaction, resulting in the bearing sleeve presses the inner ends of the levers off, given to the pressure plate and clutch disc is released from the gripping force of springs. When the pedal is released, the clutch includes: a clutch thrust bearing takes its original position, releasing arms off, and the leading drive under the influence of spring presses the clutch disc to the flywheel.
Transmission. Transmission to change the traction on the drive wheels by altering the torque which is transmitted from the crankshaft to the drive wheels when pulling away, traffic on the rise, acceleration and the vehicle is reversing. This occurs through the engagement of gears with different numbers of teeth.
In addition, the gearbox allows the engine and clutch isolation from other mechanisms of transmission switching box in the neutral position, such as when driving at idle or during a prolonged stay. Depending on the vehicle transmission may be four-and five-step.
In general, the gearbox consists of a casing, a pinion shaft, output shaft, intermediate shaft, the axis of reverse gear, power sliding gear mechanism gear.
Master, slave and intermediate shafts are made of steel and mounted on roller bearings, housing has a top and side covers. At the bottom wall of the casing has a hole to drain the used oil, and in the end cap has an opening for filling the boxes with fresh oil. Carter is cast iron.
At present, some models of cars set speed transmission with automatic switching based on microprocessors, as well as continuously variable transmission friction type. Heavy-duty vehicles (75 tonnes and above) used electromechanical transmission.
Transfer Case. On-road vehicles with front and rear drive axles are used transfer cases. Transfer case serves to transmit torque to the drive axle, as well as on and off the front axle. It is generally set for the transmission and connected with her propeller shaft. Depending on the purpose of the transfer case can be performed with an additional reduction gear or without it. It may consist of housing, axle and intermediate shaft, output shaft and front axle drive shaft.
In the simple type of transfer case without the downshift shaft rear axle is constantly connected to the drive mechanisms. To turn the front axle there notched collar. With this enabled the torque on the drive wheels front and rear axles is determined in accordance with the forces of adhesion to the road wheels of the vehicle.
Center differential, which is set in a more complex transfer cases, makes it possible to rotate the drive shafts front and rear axles with different angular velocities. This rotation eliminates slippage of the front wheels when turning, to avoid power losses and saves fuel. Side of the transfer case is placed the gearshift. It consists of two sliders and forks, which are driven by levers located in the cockpit of the car.
Propshaft. For a torque transmission mechanism, shafts are not coaxial, or at an angle, and their relative position may change during the motion due to the unevenness of the road, apply cardan transmission. Apply them also to connect the steering wheel to the steering mechanism and drive some of the support mechanisms.
Propshaft is composed of cardan joints, the main drive shaft, an intermediate drive shaft, the intermediate support. In automobiles, where the main gear is installed in the back ("Volvo-600"), communications gear and main gear is torsion shaft and universal joints are absent. On the cars produced in Russia using rigid fork joints unequal angular velocities, asynchronous on needle bearings. The drive to the front drive wheels, which are managed, used constant velocity joints - synchronous. They rotate on the plug leading to the response is transmitted through the balls that are rolled in circular troughs forks. To center the forks is the central ball.
Propshaft on-road vehicles transmits torque from the gearbox to the transfer case and already from it to the axle. The use of an automatic transmission provides reduced fuel consumption, higher quality gear and a large selection of modes away.
In cardan transmissions of passenger cars are usually installed polukardannye elastic hinges. To compensate for inaccuracies in the assembly of connected mechanisms in case of installation is not rigidly applied under strict polukardannye hinges.
The main gear. To increase the torque and changes its direction at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle as well as to transmit rotary motion from the driveshaft to the drive wheels is the main channel. The main transmission can be single or double bevel. The single main transmission consists of one pair of gears, double - from a pair of cylindrical gears and a pair of bevel gears. Double major transmission mounted on heavy-duty vehicles to increase the transmitted torque.
Simple single-bevel final drives used in passenger cars and small trucks and medium duty vehicles. When using single hypoid gears meshing with the pinion shaft is located below the response that makes it possible to drop below the driveline, removing from the car driveline channel location, and shape of the thickened base of hypoid gear teeth transfer increases their wear resistance and load carrying capacity. In addition, the hypoid pinion gearing lowers center of gravity of the vehicle. Leading a small bevel gear mounted on one of the two conical and cylindrical bearings. It is made with the shaft. Driven by a large bevel gear mounted on a differential box and with it mounted on two tapered bearings in the crankcase rear axle. Gears with spiral teeth used for silent and smooth operation.
To transmit torque from the main transmission to the semiaxes of the car is the differential. It allows the wheels to rotate at different speed when cornering, bumps on the road or at varying degrees of grip, such as slippage, when one wheel is on the soft, loose ground, and another - on the solid.
Bevel gear differentials applied in automobiles, are composed of poluosevyh gears satellites with crosses, boxes differential driven gear final drive. When driving off-road terrain vehicle when used with forced locking differentials or limited slip differential. The case of the differential lock when you turn rigidly connected to pinion gear coupling poluosevoy, which provides the rotation of the wheels with the same angular velocity, regardless of traction. To transmit torque from the differential to the drive wheels are half that, depending on the bending stress can be polunagruzhennymi or polurazgruzhennymi. Fully floating axle shafts are set free in the bridge, and the wheel hub rigidly connected to the flange axis. These half-used in buses and cars on the medium and heavy duty. Polurazgruzhennye axis supported by bearings located inside the girders of the bridge, and the wheel hub rigidly connected to the flange axis. They are used in passenger cars and rear axles of trucks and medium duty vehicles.
Drive axles. Bridges serve as a vehicle axle, the wheels are installed. Bridges may be the leading car, driven steer, leading to steer support. Drive in one unit integrates the main transmission, differential, axle, which are arranged in a single axle casing. When transferring torque mechanisms driving axle housing is experiencing its efforts, which tend to crank the bridge against the rotation of the wheels. From such a turning axle suspension and kept her guide elements, which transmits to the sump of the bridge axial forces that occur when driving a car.
In off-road vehicles with two axles are both top of the bridge, a three-axle vehicles may be three major bridge or two back.
The drive is the drive wheels. To transmit torque from the differential output shafts leading to the front wheels is controlled drive the drive wheels. In addition, it provides the ability to control movement of the vehicle. On the cars drive consists of two shafts: the left and right wheels. Each of the shaft has inner and outer constant velocity joints. The use of two joints due to the use of independent front wheel suspension. Internal hinges provide vertical movement of the wheels when the suspension moves, depending on the pavement, and provide outdoor wheels move when they turn about a vertical axis to change the direction of the vehicle.Chassis
In the car chassis includes frame, front axle (front axle), rear axle (rear axle), front suspension, rear suspension, wheel hubs, wheels and tires. The main bearing element is a car frame or body.
Vehicles, trucks typically consist of a driver's cab and the body of the cargo. Depending on the layout of the car bonnet, and there beskapotnye cabin. The frame of the cabin is fixed so that the frame did not cause distortions of its destruction. In today's truck cab mount done with springs and dampers. The body of the truck has a base connected to the floor. It forms a platform, folding sides and rigidly mounted front side.
Vans have a base frame and cladding, which is used for plywood, plastic, anodized aluminum and other materials.
For the manufacture of car body and frame are used frameless design. Frame design provides better isolation of the body vibrations, frameless design - the lowest weight of the vehicle. Type of car bodies is determined by the amount of functional compartments and structural performance. By the number of volumes of the body perform three-volume, two-volume, and one-volume.
In the three-volume box includes the engine compartment, interior and trunk, in a two-volume - the engine compartment and interior, in Monovolume combined all three functions of volume. Car bodies can be the following types: closed, fully open and the passenger.
To install the steering wheels for trucks is the front axle (front axle). It passes through the suspension to the frame of the wheel longitudinal and lateral forces that occur when driving a car. The front axle is a steel I-section beam with a curved top ends.
At the ends of the axis pin fastened to the uprights swivel pin. On their axes in two taper roller bearing set wheel hubs, which are fastened with locking nut cotter pin. To facilitate the control of the car pivots pivots are the longitudinal and transverse slopes, which allow the wheels to take the vehicle position corresponding to the motion in a straight line. To unload the outer wheel bearing wheel angled ends of the axis of the pins down (camber).
To the motion of the wheels do not slip, they are placed with some converging, ie, the distance between the front wheels must be less than the distance to the rear rims. On cars with a classic layout of transmission with independent suspension front axle beam is formed short, attached to the body. This beam is used for mounting the engine.
The rear axle housing consists of a main transmission housings and axle shafts. He takes over and transmits through the suspension to the frame or body of the car pushing force from the driving wheels in the mode of movement and braking forces during braking. In vehicles with three axles housings middle and rear axles are welded from steel forged components, which are welded to the cover housings, flange mount calipers and the main gear brake, pin wheel hubs, bearings springs and mounting brackets jet rods.
At half after two tapered roller bearing hub wheel set.
Front and rear suspension. Suspension Wheel connects with the body, softens and absorbs shocks wheels on rough roads, ensures smooth operation and dampens vibrations of the body. Suspension is the dependent and independent. When the dependent movement of the suspension of a wheel depends on the movement of the other wheels. With independent suspension, each wheel is connected to the body separately. As an elastic element, which softens the connection of body and wheels, you can use the leaf springs, torsion bars and coil springs.
Shock absorbers. When the wheels of the car bump on the road surface roughness, there are fluctuations in the body. For the suppression of vibrations in liquid suspension design provides shock absorbers of telescopic type or another.
Coupling with two driven wheels is different from the single-disk friction clutch mechanism for the presence of medium pressure plate, which is located between the two driven wheels.
In the majority of Russian trucks use mechanical drive clutch, which consists of a pedal, return spring, thrust roller with lever arm clutch fork, forks, snatch spring clutch with thrust ball bearing.
Turn off the clutch pedal by. In this case, all the drive components come into interaction, resulting in the bearing sleeve presses the inner ends of the levers off, given to the pressure plate and clutch disc is released from the gripping force of springs. When the pedal is released, the clutch includes: a clutch thrust bearing takes its original position, releasing arms off, and the leading drive under the influence of spring presses the clutch disc to the flywheel.
Transmission. Transmission to change the traction on the drive wheels by altering the torque which is transmitted from the crankshaft to the drive wheels when pulling away, traffic on the rise, acceleration and the vehicle is reversing. This occurs through the engagement of gears with different numbers of teeth.
In addition, the gearbox allows the engine and clutch isolation from other mechanisms of transmission switching box in the neutral position, such as when driving at idle or during a prolonged stay. Depending on the vehicle transmission may be four-and five-step.
In general, the gearbox consists of a casing, a pinion shaft, output shaft, intermediate shaft, the axis of reverse gear, power sliding gear mechanism gear.
Master, slave and intermediate shafts are made of steel and mounted on roller bearings, housing has a top and side covers. At the bottom wall of the casing has a hole to drain the used oil, and in the end cap has an opening for filling the boxes with fresh oil. Carter is cast iron.
At present, some models of cars set speed transmission with automatic switching based on microprocessors, as well as continuously variable transmission friction type. Heavy-duty vehicles (75 tonnes and above) used electromechanical transmission.
Transfer Case. On-road vehicles with front and rear drive axles are used transfer cases. Transfer case serves to transmit torque to the drive axle, as well as on and off the front axle. It is generally set for the transmission and connected with her propeller shaft. Depending on the purpose of the transfer case can be performed with an additional reduction gear or without it. It may consist of housing, axle and intermediate shaft, output shaft and front axle drive shaft.
In the simple type of transfer case without the downshift shaft rear axle is constantly connected to the drive mechanisms. To turn the front axle there notched collar. With this enabled the torque on the drive wheels front and rear axles is determined in accordance with the forces of adhesion to the road wheels of the vehicle.
Center differential, which is set in a more complex transfer cases, makes it possible to rotate the drive shafts front and rear axles with different angular velocities. This rotation eliminates slippage of the front wheels when turning, to avoid power losses and saves fuel. Side of the transfer case is placed the gearshift. It consists of two sliders and forks, which are driven by levers located in the cockpit of the car.
Propshaft. For a torque transmission mechanism, shafts are not coaxial, or at an angle, and their relative position may change during the motion due to the unevenness of the road, apply cardan transmission. Apply them also to connect the steering wheel to the steering mechanism and drive some of the support mechanisms.
Propshaft is composed of cardan joints, the main drive shaft, an intermediate drive shaft, the intermediate support. In automobiles, where the main gear is installed in the back ("Volvo-600"), communications gear and main gear is torsion shaft and universal joints are absent. On the cars produced in Russia using rigid fork joints unequal angular velocities, asynchronous on needle bearings. The drive to the front drive wheels, which are managed, used constant velocity joints - synchronous. They rotate on the plug leading to the response is transmitted through the balls that are rolled in circular troughs forks. To center the forks is the central ball.
Propshaft on-road vehicles transmits torque from the gearbox to the transfer case and already from it to the axle. The use of an automatic transmission provides reduced fuel consumption, higher quality gear and a large selection of modes away.
In cardan transmissions of passenger cars are usually installed polukardannye elastic hinges. To compensate for inaccuracies in the assembly of connected mechanisms in case of installation is not rigidly applied under strict polukardannye hinges.
The main gear. To increase the torque and changes its direction at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle as well as to transmit rotary motion from the driveshaft to the drive wheels is the main channel. The main transmission can be single or double bevel. The single main transmission consists of one pair of gears, double - from a pair of cylindrical gears and a pair of bevel gears. Double major transmission mounted on heavy-duty vehicles to increase the transmitted torque.
Simple single-bevel final drives used in passenger cars and small trucks and medium duty vehicles. When using single hypoid gears meshing with the pinion shaft is located below the response that makes it possible to drop below the driveline, removing from the car driveline channel location, and shape of the thickened base of hypoid gear teeth transfer increases their wear resistance and load carrying capacity. In addition, the hypoid pinion gearing lowers center of gravity of the vehicle. Leading a small bevel gear mounted on one of the two conical and cylindrical bearings. It is made with the shaft. Driven by a large bevel gear mounted on a differential box and with it mounted on two tapered bearings in the crankcase rear axle. Gears with spiral teeth used for silent and smooth operation.
To transmit torque from the main transmission to the semiaxes of the car is the differential. It allows the wheels to rotate at different speed when cornering, bumps on the road or at varying degrees of grip, such as slippage, when one wheel is on the soft, loose ground, and another - on the solid.
Bevel gear differentials applied in automobiles, are composed of poluosevyh gears satellites with crosses, boxes differential driven gear final drive. When driving off-road terrain vehicle when used with forced locking differentials or limited slip differential. The case of the differential lock when you turn rigidly connected to pinion gear coupling poluosevoy, which provides the rotation of the wheels with the same angular velocity, regardless of traction. To transmit torque from the differential to the drive wheels are half that, depending on the bending stress can be polunagruzhennymi or polurazgruzhennymi. Fully floating axle shafts are set free in the bridge, and the wheel hub rigidly connected to the flange axis. These half-used in buses and cars on the medium and heavy duty. Polurazgruzhennye axis supported by bearings located inside the girders of the bridge, and the wheel hub rigidly connected to the flange axis. They are used in passenger cars and rear axles of trucks and medium duty vehicles.
Drive axles. Bridges serve as a vehicle axle, the wheels are installed. Bridges may be the leading car, driven steer, leading to steer support. Drive in one unit integrates the main transmission, differential, axle, which are arranged in a single axle casing. When transferring torque mechanisms driving axle housing is experiencing its efforts, which tend to crank the bridge against the rotation of the wheels. From such a turning axle suspension and kept her guide elements, which transmits to the sump of the bridge axial forces that occur when driving a car.
In off-road vehicles with two axles are both top of the bridge, a three-axle vehicles may be three major bridge or two back.
The drive is the drive wheels. To transmit torque from the differential output shafts leading to the front wheels is controlled drive the drive wheels. In addition, it provides the ability to control movement of the vehicle. On the cars drive consists of two shafts: the left and right wheels. Each of the shaft has inner and outer constant velocity joints. The use of two joints due to the use of independent front wheel suspension. Internal hinges provide vertical movement of the wheels when the suspension moves, depending on the pavement, and provide outdoor wheels move when they turn about a vertical axis to change the direction of the vehicle.Chassis
In the car chassis includes frame, front axle (front axle), rear axle (rear axle), front suspension, rear suspension, wheel hubs, wheels and tires. The main bearing element is a car frame or body.
Vehicles, trucks typically consist of a driver's cab and the body of the cargo. Depending on the layout of the car bonnet, and there beskapotnye cabin. The frame of the cabin is fixed so that the frame did not cause distortions of its destruction. In today's truck cab mount done with springs and dampers. The body of the truck has a base connected to the floor. It forms a platform, folding sides and rigidly mounted front side.
Vans have a base frame and cladding, which is used for plywood, plastic, anodized aluminum and other materials.
For the manufacture of car body and frame are used frameless design. Frame design provides better isolation of the body vibrations, frameless design - the lowest weight of the vehicle. Type of car bodies is determined by the amount of functional compartments and structural performance. By the number of volumes of the body perform three-volume, two-volume, and one-volume.
In the three-volume box includes the engine compartment, interior and trunk, in a two-volume - the engine compartment and interior, in Monovolume combined all three functions of volume. Car bodies can be the following types: closed, fully open and the passenger.
To install the steering wheels for trucks is the front axle (front axle). It passes through the suspension to the frame of the wheel longitudinal and lateral forces that occur when driving a car. The front axle is a steel I-section beam with a curved top ends.
At the ends of the axis pin fastened to the uprights swivel pin. On their axes in two taper roller bearing set wheel hubs, which are fastened with locking nut cotter pin. To facilitate the control of the car pivots pivots are the longitudinal and transverse slopes, which allow the wheels to take the vehicle position corresponding to the motion in a straight line. To unload the outer wheel bearing wheel angled ends of the axis of the pins down (camber).
To the motion of the wheels do not slip, they are placed with some converging, ie, the distance between the front wheels must be less than the distance to the rear rims. On cars with a classic layout of transmission with independent suspension front axle beam is formed short, attached to the body. This beam is used for mounting the engine.
The rear axle housing consists of a main transmission housings and axle shafts. He takes over and transmits through the suspension to the frame or body of the car pushing force from the driving wheels in the mode of movement and braking forces during braking. In vehicles with three axles housings middle and rear axles are welded from steel forged components, which are welded to the cover housings, flange mount calipers and the main gear brake, pin wheel hubs, bearings springs and mounting brackets jet rods.
At half after two tapered roller bearing hub wheel set.
Front and rear suspension. Suspension Wheel connects with the body, softens and absorbs shocks wheels on rough roads, ensures smooth operation and dampens vibrations of the body. Suspension is the dependent and independent. When the dependent movement of the suspension of a wheel depends on the movement of the other wheels. With independent suspension, each wheel is connected to the body separately. As an elastic element, which softens the connection of body and wheels, you can use the leaf springs, torsion bars and coil springs.
Shock absorbers. When the wheels of the car bump on the road surface roughness, there are fluctuations in the body. For the suppression of vibrations in liquid suspension design provides shock absorbers of telescopic type or another.
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