Dangerous than proprietary software

Wondering whether to use the software with closed source, it is necessary to assess this step in terms of ethical implications. Eric Raymond (Eric S. Raymond), a well-known theorist of the movement for open source software and one of the founders of the Open Source Initiative, published in his blog a new essay, which presented a number of objective reasons why proprietary software is harmful.

The author of the famous "Cathedral and the Bazaar" proposed five criteria by which the user can assess the potential damage that can bring the use of a proprietary software product. Based on these criteria, users can decide whether to purchase proprietary software or open alternatives to turn to in order to minimize the negative consequences.

A. "Damage from insecurity." The most fundamental damage, which can be expected from proprietary software - that it is much worse than projected and far less reliable than the open. The weight of the injury depends on the complexity of the program - the program is more complicated, the more there can be errors, which makes the damage from indoor sources is much more serious. Thus it is necessary to consider the possible harm from each error - the stronger it is, the higher the benefit of open source over proprietary software.

Two. "The harm from the inability to change the code." Another source of harm from proprietary software - the inability to modify the code to fit their needs, individually or in hands of experts. The amount of damage is dependent on the value of modifications: for the software with respect to the general purpose of the consequences will be more severe than for highly specialized applications that exist in one installation and perform strictly limited tasks.

Three. "Harm-house." Closed code puts the user in an asymmetric position with the developer. People who have the privilege to view and modify the code of the Software may use their facilities for unlawful purposes: limiting user choice, be compelled to cash payments, or control over the transferred information. Any proprietary software that is used for communication between people is a concern that its authors may use their privileged position to spy on, or censorship.

4. "Harm to bind the vendor." Proprietary code makes it difficult to migrate to other software, greatly increasing the cost of its implementation. A striking example is the text editors that use proprietary formats that are not supported in alternative programs. A separate category of binding to the vendor - the so-called "positive network externalities" of the program, that is, its popularity among users. The more people use certain software, the higher its value for each individual, which also makes it difficult to move. The damage from the "positive network externalities" is similar to damage from binding to the vendor and is measured in the amount of the costs of migration.

Five. "Harm forgotten." The last factor is malicious proprietary software - the risk of data loss with the disappearance of the software that can handle them. Thus, at the dawn of the computerization of magnetic media remained important historical data stored within the program of space research in the U.S. 60 years. Despite the fact that the media is in excellent condition, the data can not be read because they were recorded using proprietary formats that are implemented in hardware, and specifications to them for a long time lost. With the spread of communications through the computer software, the harm from proprietary software, more and more increasing.

Based on these criteria, we can conclude that the firmware is safe appliances are available with closed-source, and operating systems and office suites - no. Damage to the vendor-binding and positive network externalities in the case of a toaster or no elevator at all. Firmware is a small harm of insecurity - in case of error in the code of the device will simply cease to work, and little harm from the inability to change the code - even having the opportunity to change the firmware, the user is unlikely to add new functionality to the device. It is hard to imagine how the appliances can be turned against the user, so the harm from the house is also low. On the other hand, more complex devices such as home routers, already at risk: recorded cases manipulation of the DNS or the introduction of advertising into the browser.

In contrast, for a closed operating system code indicates the level of harm caused by the unreliability of moderate to very high, depending on the installed applications and the costs associated with failures of the system. The harm from the inability to change the code is extremely high, even for inexperienced users: fixes and updates to the OS come only when the provider deems it necessary. The scale of damage can be estimated from the house, just remembering how much unwanted applications is standard with Windows; bound to the same vendor and "harm to
 
forgotten "the user is facing, using, for example, proprietary file formats or streaming video. High damage, and on the "network of positive factors."

For the same reasons, suffer from a closed source software, and office users of smartphones, says the author. The user should avoid private desktop and mobile software: it comes from them the most serious harm, and that they are most strongly tied to itself and to the supplier. In the event that proprietary software does not open alternatives, Raymond advises the user to decide on their own.

"In the end, in the world, there is another injury, and he is much stronger than the strongest damage, which can cause closed software - says the author. - Remember that the goal of all ethical rules is to reduce the harm itself, and act accordingly. "

Чим небезпечне закрите ПЗ

Переймаючись питанням, чи слід використовувати ПЗ з закритим вихідним кодом, необхідно оцінити цей крок з точки зору етики наслідків. Ерік Реймонд (Eric S. Raymond), відомий теоретик руху за відкрите програмне забезпечення і один із засновників Open Source Initiative, опублікував у своєму блозі нове есе, в якому представив ряд об'єктивних причин, чому закрите ПО приносить шкоду.

Автор знаменитого «Собору і Базару» запропонував п'ять критеріїв, за якими користувач може оцінити потенційний збиток, який здатний принести використання того чи іншого закритого програмного продукту. На підставі даних критеріїв користувачі зможуть вирішити, чи варто купувати пропрієтарне ПЗ або ж звернутися до відкритих альтернатив, щоб мінімізувати негативні наслідки.

1. «Шкода від ненадійності». Найбільш фундаментальний шкоду, якого можна очікувати від закритого ПЗ - те, що воно набагато гірше спроектовано і набагато менш надійно, ніж відкрите. Вагомість даного шкоди залежить від складності програми - ніж програма складніше, тим більше в ній може бути помилок, що робить шкоду від закритих исходников набагато серйозніше. При цьому потрібно враховувати можливу шкоду від кожної помилки - чим він сильніший, тим вище стає перевага відкритих початкових кодів над закритим ПЗ.

2. «Шкода від неможливості змінити код». Інше джерело шкоди від закритого ПЗ - відсутність можливості змінити код під свої потреби, самостійно або руками фахівців. Розмір збитку тут залежить від цінності модифікації: для ПО з відносно загальним призначенням наслідки будуть більш серйозними, ніж для вузькоспеціалізованих програм, які існують в одній інсталяції і виконують жорстко обмежені завдання.

3. «Шкода посередництва». Закритий код ставить користувача в асиметричне положення з розробником. Люди, що володіють привілеєм переглянути та змінити код ПО, можуть використовувати свої можливості для неправомірних цілей: обмеження для користувача вибору, примусу до грошових відрахувань або контролю за інформацією, що передається. Будь-яке закрите ПЗ, яке використовується для спілкування між людьми, викликає занепокоєння, що його автори можуть використовувати своє привілейоване становище для шпигунства або введення цензури.

4. «Шкода прив'язки до постачальника». Закритий код ускладнює міграцію на інше програмне забезпечення значно збільшуючи витрати на її проведення. Яскравим прикладом є текстові редактори, які використовують пропрієтарні формати, які не підтримуються в альтернативних програмах. Окрема категорія прив'язки до постачальника - так звані «позитивні мережеві зовнішні чинники» програми, тобто, її популярність серед користувачів. Чим більше людей використовують певний ПЗ, тим вище його цінність для кожного індивідуума, що також ускладнює перехід. Шкода від «позитивних мережевих зовнішніх чинників» аналогічний шкоді від прив'язки до вендору і вимірюється в обсязі витрат на міграцію.

5. «Шкода забуття». Останній шкідливий фактор закритого ПЗ - ризик втрати даних із зникненням програмного забезпечення, здатного їх обробляти. Так, на магнітних носіях зорі комп'ютеризації збереглися важливі історичні дані, записані в рамках програми космічних досліджень США в 60-х роках. Незважаючи на те, що носії у відмінному стані, дані неможливо прочитати, оскільки вони були записані з використанням закритих форматів, реалізованих на апаратному рівні, і специфікації до них давно втрачені. У міру поширення комунікацій за допомогою комп'ютерного програмного забезпечення, даний шкода від закритого ПЗ все більше і більше зростає.

На основі даних критеріїв можна зробити висновок, що прошивки побутових пристроїв цілком безпечно можуть поставлятися з закритим кодом, а операційні системи та офісні пакети - ні. Шкода прив'язки до вендору і позитивні мережеві зовнішні чинники в разі тостера або ліфта відсутні в принципі. Прошивка має невеликий шкода від ненадійності - в разі помилки в коді пристрій просто перестане працювати, і невеликий шкоду від неможливості змінити код - навіть маючи можливість змінити прошивку, користувач навряд чи зможе додати в пристрій нову функціональність. Важко уявити, яким чином побутову техніку можна звернути проти користувача, тому шкода від посередництва також невисокий. З іншого боку, більш складні пристрої, такі як домашні маршрутизатори, вже схильні до ризику: зафіксовані випадки маніпуляцій з DNS або впровадження реклами в браузер.

Навпаки, для операційної системи закритий код означає рівень шкоди від ненадійності від помірного до дуже високого, в залежності від встановлених додатків і витрат, пов'язаних зі збоями системи. Шкода від неможливості змінити код вкрай високий навіть для недосвідченого користувача: виправлення та оновлення для ОС приходять тільки тоді, коли постачальник вважатиме це за потрібне. Масштаби шкоди від посередництва можна оцінити, просто згадавши, скільки непотрібних додатків входить в стандартну поставку Windows; з прив'язкою ж до вендору і «шкодою від
 
забуття »користувач стикається, використовуючи, наприклад, пропрієтарні формати файлів або потокового відео. Високий збиток і від «позитивних мережевих чинників».

З тих же самих причин страждають від закритого коду користувачі офісного ПЗ і смартфонів, стверджує автор. Користувачеві слід уникати закритого десктопного та мобільного ПЗ: саме від них виходить найбільш серйозної шкоди, і саме вони найсильніше прив'язують до себе і до постачальника. У тому випадку, якщо закрите ПЗ не має відкритих альтернатив, Реймонд радить користувачеві прийняти рішення самостійно.

«Врешті-решт, у світі існує й інший шкоду, і він набагато сильніше, ніж найсильніший шкоду, яку може нанести закрите ПЗ, - заявляє автор. - Згадайте, що метою всіх етичних правил є зменшення шкоди як такого, і чиніть відповідно ».

Can not delete files from my flash drive, how to fix

In our lives includes new storage media - flash drives (USB drives). Basically, this type of media has replaced floppy disks. And they have inherited from the floppy disk is one very important feature - the physical blocking of the record.
Thus, in most cases, if you can not write anything on your flash drive or delete any file from it, then you only need a small toggle switch located on one of the sides of the flash. This switch has two positions, in the first recording on the disc is permitted, in the second it is blocked. Switching it, you can choose your desired mode of operation.

I downloaded a movie from the Internet, he does not play (no sound or image)

To play audio and video files in the operating system must be equipped with special software - codecs. If the same audio file does not play, or when playing a movie no picture or sound, and possibly both, it means you need a codec for that file type.
One of the best collections of codecs is the K-Lite Codec Pack, it contains a large Number of different codecs. Currently, the collection includes:
Media Player files:

    - Media Player Classic [version 6.4.9.1 rev. 49]
FFDShow:

    - FFDShow [revision 1937]
    - Extra plugins
    - FFDShow VFW interface
DirectShow video filters:

    - XviD [version 1.2 build 2008-01-10]
    - DivX [version 6.8.2.6]
    - On2 VP6 [version 6.4.2.0]
    - On2 VP7 [version 7.0.10.0]
    - MPEG-1 / MPEG-2 (Cyberlink) [version 8.1.0.1513]
    - MPEG-1 / MPEG-2 (DScaler5) [version 0.0.8.0]
    - MPEG-1 / MPEG-2 (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.3]
    - MPEG-1 / MPEG-2 (MainConcept) [version 1.0.0.78]
    - MPEG-1 / MPEG-2 (Ligos) [version 4.0.0.77]
DirectShow audio decoding filters:

    - AC3/DTS/LPCM/MP1/MP2 (AC3Filter) [version 1.46]
    - Vorbis (CoreVorbis) [version 1.1.0.79]
    - AAC (CoreAAC) [version 1.2.0.575]
DirectShow audio parsers:

    - MusePack (MONOGRAM) [version 0.9.1.2 | 0.3.1.2]
    - WavPack (CoreWavPack) [version 1.1.1]
    - FLAC (madFLAC) [version 1.8]
    - Monkey's Audio (DCoder) [version 1.0]
    - OptimFROG (RadLight) [version 1.0.0.1]
    - DC-Bass Source [version 1.1.0.0]
    - AC3/DTS Source (AC3File) [version 0.5b]
    - AMR (MONOGRAM) [version 0.9.0.1]
DirectShow source filters:

    - AVI splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.9]
    - AVI splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18]
    - MP4 splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18]
    - MP4 splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.4]
    - Matroska splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18]
    - Matroska splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.3.0]
    - Ogg splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18]
    - Ogg splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.1]
    - MPEG PS / TS splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.4]
    - MPEG PS / TS splitter (Haali Media Splitter) [version 1.8.122.18]
    - FLV splitter (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.4]
    - CDDA Reader (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.2]
    - CDXA Reader (Gabest) [version 1.0.0.2]
DirectShow subtitle filter:

    - DirectVobSub (a.k.a. VSFilter) [version 2.38]
Other filters:

    - Haali Video Renderer [version 1.8.122.18]
VFW video codecs:

    - XviD [version 1.2.0-dev build 2007-07-25]
    - DivX Pro [version 6.8.2.6]
    - X264 [revision 721bm]
    - On2 VP6 [version 6.4.2.0]
    - On2 VP7 [version 7.0.10.0]
    - Intel Indeo 4 [version 4.51.16.2]
    - Intel Indeo 5 [version 5.2562.15.54]
    - Intel I.263 [version 2.55.1.16]
    - Huffyuv [version 2.1.1 CCE Patch 0.2.5]
    - I420 (Helix) [version 1.2]
    - YV12 (Helix) [version 1.2]
ACM audio codecs:

    - MP3 (LAME) [version 3.97]
    - AC3ACM [version 1.4]
    - Vorbis [version 0.0.3.6]
    - DivX ;) Audio [version 4.2.0.0]
Useful program:

    - Codec Tweak Tool [version 2.2.4]
    - GSpot Codec Information Appliance [version 2.70a]
    - MediaInfo 0.7.6.3
    - VobSubStrip [version 0.11]
    - GraphEdit [build 061102]
    - Haali Muxer [version 1.8.122.18]
    - AVI Fixed [version 2.0b1]
    - FourCC Changer
    - Bitrate Calculator

How do I make Internet Explorer open new windows at once on the screen?

Sometimes you start to notice that Internet Explorer opens a new window, not the entire screen and you have to perform extra steps to deploy a new window on the screen.

In order for the new windows were cut off immediately on the screen start Internet Explorer, then open a new window by pressing Ctrl + N or File menu, select New Window. Close the parent window of Internet Explorer. Next, adjust the size of the new window, then close it. The dimensions that you set are saved.
Now when you start Internet Explorer, or open a new window, IE, will open a window as large as you specify.

Where are the keys to "turn off your computer (Shutdown)» and «end of the session (Log Off)» in Windows Vista?

At present, more and more users begin to work with Windows Vista, and face one of the differences between Windows Vista from previous versions of Windows, namely that it is not clear where the buttons off the computer and Logout. In previous versions it was sufficient to go to the Start menu and select the desired item by clicking on it and pressing Enter. In Windows Vista, it is not.
We will understand how to make these simple but very important operation. To get started click on the Start button in the lower right corner of the menu that opens you will find three buttons. The first button is similar to the one that is on your TV, and it performs a similar function, but it puts your computer into sleep mode. The second button locks the computer. The third button opens a small menu where you will find the functions you need. Namely, click End Session (Log Off) - paragraph two, and Shutdown (Shutdown) - the last paragraph.

Device Manager does not show how to fix

Some viruses, as well as software failures in Windows could lead to the fact that some of the devices connected to your computer stop working, such as a printer. When you try to open Device Manager and check the status of a malfunctioning printer, then you will not see anything, the window will be empty.
The main causes of the problems with the Device Manager and how to fix them:
A. your computer is infected with Apropos. Download small freeware program AproposFix and save it to your desktop. Restart your computer in Safe Mode. Next, double click on the file and extract files aproposfix.exe to your desktop. Go to the folder aproposfix on your desktop and double click on the file RunThis.bat. After completion, the program will create a log file that lists what was found and corrected or deleted.Two. you have a problem with the work of service Plug & Play. Go to the Start menu, then select Run, in the input box type Services.msc and press Enter. The right side of the window that opens, locate the item Plug & Play and click on it twice, then in the window, select the startup type - car, and then click OK. Close all windows and restart your computer.Three. you have a problem with permissions to access records describing the device in the registry Windows. Start the registry editor to do this, click Start, click Run, type regedit and press Enter. Be very careful when editing the registry. You must have administrator rights to perform below mentioned steps.

    A. The left side Registry Editor, open the series' folders »HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, then SYSTEM, then CurrentControlSet, and in it select Enum.
    Two. Right click on the key Enum, from the menu, click Permissions.
    Three. If the opened window is empty, then you need to add permissions for the Everyone group and user System. Use the Add button. All set for a group read-only rights (Column Permission, checked only in the Reading section), set user permissions System - Full Control and Read.
    4. At the bottom of the window click on the Advanced button in the window in the lower part of it, put a checkmark in "Replace permission entries on all child objects ...", click on the button OK.
    Five. In the window that appears with a warning, click the Yes button.
    6. Close the Registry Editor and restart your computer.
If all three methods will not help, then maybe your computer is infected by some virus, which blocks the display device. Try using online scanners to identify the virus, and then on the basis of the found search in the internet.

Installing Windows XP

1.Podgotovka
Installation (installation) CD. Installing Windows XP is done by copying the files of the operating system (OS) on your hard drive (laptop) with a special setup. These files and software are on the installation CD Windows XP. Without it, install it (to reinstall) Windows will not work. When buying a computer or laptop with the operating system, the disk must be supplied to him. It can also be purchased separately in stores. If you work in an office, organization or institution, where to get the installation disk you will probably prompt colleagues engaged in service for business PCs. As a rule, "relevant" in this issue are as familiar to virtually all of the employees of computer stores. In any case, if you have the desire to get this drive is not very difficult.
By the disk should be attached as registration code for copy of Windows (five groups of five characters). The code can be printed on the installation CD, on its packaging or in a file that is stored on disk. It is better to write on a piece of paper (it is important not to be mistaken).
The efficiency of CD-ROM drive and installation. An equally important element of the installation (reinstallation) of the operating system is a workable CD-ROM drive on your computer. You need to ensure health and well installation disk Windows. If one of these components are damaged, a situation may arise when the old system has to be "demolished" and the new supply fails because the installation program can not read the installation CD, the necessary data. You can check this by copying all files from the installation disk in any disk volume on your computer. If the copy was completed without error, but rather the entire CD is not damaged, the drive is not defective.
If you install Windows «from zero" (on the computer in general, there is no operating system or the old system of "dead" at all), to test the installation disc and the drive will not work this way (and do not make sense to check - you still lose nothing).
Drivers. In addition to the installation disk Windows, for a successful installation (reinstallation) of the system also need a driver disk to the devices installed on the machine. Typically, these drives are supplied with the computer (if it is sold in assembled form) or with each "piece of iron" (if he bought poagregatno). Their performance is also advisable to check the above method.
It is best to download the "latest" drivers for the chipset of the motherboard, video card, sound card, TV-tuner card, network card, and other computer components (devices) from the sites of their manufacturers. At worst, if you have already installed the operating system Windows XP, before you reinstall the necessary drivers it is possible to "pull out" from the old OS, using the program Driver Genius. (Download, install and run the program, including scanning (press «start scan»), then press «Back Up Drivers». Next click on «Next», then click «Browse ...». In the menu, specify the path to save the folder with the drivers, click «Next» and wait until the save is complete. in the specified location will create a folder «Driver Backup ...» with all the necessary drivers).
Retention of information. When you install the operating system "from scratch" on a blank hard drive question of preserving the information is not relevant. If you reinstall, before starting to take care of the safety of the computer's hard drive valuable information. Your computer has one or more hard drives ("HDDs"), a space which is virtually divided into sections - the logical drives. Get an idea of ​​hard drive storage space and its division into logical drives can go to "My Computer" (double-click the left mouse button on the relevant icon on the desktop or go to "Start" menu and select the same name). If you hover the mouse over any of the logical partitions, a window will appear with information about its full and the remaining free space. The collection of complete volumes of all logical drives disk space corresponds to the hard drive (HDD) computer. In the process of reinstalling the opportunity to reallocate disk space on the hard disk (s) between logical partitions as well as change the amount of the latter. At the same information stored in the variable logical partitions will be lost. If you do not plan to change the configuration of the individual logical drives that are on them, the data remain. In this regard, important files stored on the changing disks, copy to removable media ("flash", a portable hard drive, CD / DVD-R / RW, etc.), another computer or on an immutable logical partition (thus sure to remember it The name and size, why - will understand later). This also need to copy the folder with the drivers, "extended" from the old operating system by Driver Genius (see above).
When deciding on the method of separation (or the need for repartitioning), drive into logical partitions, be aware that the optimal size of drive C, which is the default Windows, should be 10-15 GB. The remaining space on the hard disk can be divided into any number of logical partitions (user selectable).
I want to note that all information stored on the "Desktop" folder in "My Documents" is actually located on the C drive! Therefore, if there is valuable files, they should also be copied to the "safe place".
So, if there is a workable "install" Windows XP CD with the registration code, defective CD-drive carrier with the necessary drivers and useful information is stored, you can install (reinstall) of the operating system.2.Ustanovka (reset).
To start the installation (reinstall) Windows XP installation disk put in the CD-ROM drive and go in the "Bios"?. To do this you need to restart your computer (click the «Reset» on the system unit), and during start-up hold the «Del» ("Delete"). The BIOS interface is a list of partitions on a blue background. Navigation is carried out in the BIOS by pressing the "Up", "Down", "Right," "Left" (the button with the "arrow" key on your keyboard), which moves the cursor (partitioning), and the key «Enter» and the «Esc» ( selecting and deselecting the selected section or paragraph, respectively). Using the arrow keys, you must specify in the BIOS as a source to download the CD-ROM drive. To do this, find the item «First Boot Devise» (or «1st Boot Devise") and specify it to «CDROM». The structure of the different BIOS versions differ, so the title of the section in which the «First Boot Devise", on different computers can also be different. But looking through all the sections alternately BIOS, this item is not hard to find. (Beware! Values ​​of the other BIOS settings should not be changed, if you are unsure of their actions).
Pointing to «First Boot Devise" value «CDROM», click the button «F10» and then «Enter». If done correctly, a few seconds the computer will ask you to confirm booting from the CD-ROM labeled «Press any key to boot from CD». Hit any key.
Installation program should start «Windows» (blue screen that says "Installing Windows»). Interfere with its operation is not necessary, as long as she is about it, "ask."
The first issue of the installation program will have a choice between continuing with the installation, restore the old system of Windows XP (if you are reinstalling) and refusal to continue. Hit enter (See Figures. To click to enlarge).
The program then prompts the License Agreement Windows XP, press F8.
Then again there will be a question of restoring the old OS (when reinstalling). Hit "Esc" and proceed to the division (repartitioning) hard drive space into logical sections.
If you are reinstalling, select the section C, click the button "D", then "Enter", then "L". All the back roads there - the old operating system is "pulled down" for good. After that, remove the other parts, a change which was scheduled for preparation. To do this, in turn make them the following: highlight the section, click the button "D", then press the "L". (Beware! Not accidentally delete the sections that were not planned to change, especially if in preparation for their valuable information has been transferred to the C drive, and other variable information).
Then share the unallocated space on the hard disk logical drives. Press the "Up" and "Down" move the cursor to the "unallocated space", click the button "C". In the gray box, enter the amount of the future with a logical drive in megabytes (for him, we will install the operating system). Previously mentioned, that the optimal size of a logical partition, which will be installed on Windows XP, 10-15 gigabytes (10000-15000 megabytes). Enter the desired size of the future drive and press «Enter».
In the list of sections, a new disk and unallocated space was reduced to its size. The remaining free space hard drive in a similar way to share one or more sections (at your option).
Upon completion of the highlight section C, which will raise the operating system and press «Enter». The installation program will offer 4 or 2 to formatting options (depending on the amount of the section). Select "Format the partition in the NTFS» (file system is FAT - already yesterday) and press «Enter».
Next Windows XP Setup will format the selected partition and copy it from the installation disk files you need. Then the computer will restart and Setup will continue its work. The user need not do anything.
After a certain time window will open "Regional and Language Options." Push the top button "Configure" (incidentally, the mouse is working). In the "Regional Options" in the appropriate fields specify the appropriate language and country location of your computer, click "OK" button.
Then press the bottom button "Set" in the window set up input languages. If your computer will be working with text information in English, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and other languages, make sure that they all appear in the window "Installed services". To add a language, you must click the "Add" in the list of "Input Language" select the desired language and click "OK". Remove unnecessary language, select it with the mouse and clicking "Delete." Next in the list of "Default input language" select the language most often used on the computer, click the button "Apply" then "OK", then "Next".
Next, Windows Setup will ask to enter your user name and company name. Fill a need at least a "name" field, otherwise the installation will not proceed. Enter any name in the specified field, click "Next" button.
This opens a window "Product Key" in which to enter the code installed copy of Windows XP (it said on the stage of preparation, see above), and click "Next" (if, instead of Latin letters printed in Russian, switch the keyboard layout - while holding the button " Alt "press" Shift ").
You should see a window "Computer Name and Administrator Password." If the system is installed on a home computer, access to which is to protect the password is not necessary, without changing anything, click "Next". Otherwise, before this, enter the same password in the field of "Password Administrator" and "Confirmation" (sure to remember this password).
In the next window, specify the country and telephone area code in which the computer, click "Next".
Then set up a date, time, time zone, select the list that contains the computer, tick the "Automatic Daylight Saving Time and back", click "Next".
After that the program will install the network and after a while will prompt the user to specify the network settings. Note the box "Common Settings", click "Next". In the next window, without changing anything click "Next" (to change network settings if necessary and after the installation is complete, Windows), wait until the completion of installation of Windows.
At the end of the installation the computer restarts, start the first run Windows. The system automatically optimizes the screen resolution (twice will need to click "OK"), which opens the first run wizard. You will need to answer questions from the computer and press the "Next" button. When you get to the section "Computer users", simply restart the system by pressing the «Reset» on the system unit - Accounts fine tune later.
During startup, go to the "Bios" (see above), change the «First Boot Devise" to "CDROM" to "HDD0", press F10, then "Enter".
After starting the computer, remove the installation disk from the drive. Installing the Windows XP operating system is complete.Three. Installing drivers and software.
After installing the operating system, perform the installation of drivers and other software in the following sequence:
A. Install the most "fresh" version of DirectX;
Two. Then put the drivers for the chipset of the motherboard (put in the appropriate disc drive, autorun works, then follow the instructions);
Three. After that, similarly Install the drivers for your video card, sound card, network adapter, and other devices to your computer.
In the course of installing the computer a few times will require (or recommend) to restart the system. Follow his advice. Continue installation after a reboot.
If the "native" installation disks for computer devices are not available, and the driver you downloaded from the Internet, in turn, defined above, install them "manually" (open the folder with the downloaded driver, locate and run the file extension «exe» (as Typically, the name "setup", "driver", "install", etc.).
If you want to use the drivers that are copied during the preparation of the old operating system by Driver Genius (see above), to install them done a following.
Hold down the "Win" (featuring "window" between the keys "Ctrl" and "Alt"), press the button "Pause Break" ("Break"). Window will open "System Properties". You can run it in another way - right-click on the icon "My Computer", which is located on the desktop or "Start" menu, the menu and select "Properties." In the "System Properties" go to the tab "Hardware", click the button "Device Manager". In the list of equipment with all devices, marked with yellow question mark, done a turn as follows:
- The right mouse button click on the name of the device in the menu that appears, select the item "Update Driver ...";
- To run "Add New Hardware Wizard" note, "No, not this time" and click "Next", then "Install from a list or specific location" and click "Next", then put a check next to "Include this location in search";
- Click "Browse" button in the window that opens, look for a folder with the drivers (if it has been stored on removable media, it must be connected to a computer in advance or put in the appropriate drive), select it and click "OK" and then "Next". We wait until driver installation is complete.
Having dealt with the drivers, install the necessary software. You can select anything on this website (see menu at the top left of the page), download the appropriate software from other sites with software discs to borrow from friends or, at worst, to buy them at the store. In any case, try to install the software on the computer at least (only the really necessary, is often used by the program). The fewer programs installed on the system - so it is stable.
After installing the drivers and software optimization it is desirable to make Windows XP.

How to reinstall windows

Welcome, dear reader! If you do not know how to reinstall the operating system, then this article is very, very useful for you. Methods of reinstalling Windows, as described in the article works perfectly! I tried it myself and brought in the text.
Here we describe a very detailed steps to reinstall Windows:
So, if you have any problems with the operating system Windows (bugs, many viruses, slow performance), or it does not load at all (post system32 file not found or is corrupt), then you have no choice as to perform a "clean install" Operating System (hereinafter OS). Let's see how it's done. Here is the detailed, step by step instructions:
A. You must move all your personal files and develop a system drive (usually drive C) on the data disk (usually D) or an external storage medium (Fash-drive, CD, DVD). Once this was done, you can proceed to the next step ...
Two. Next you need to get a bootable Windows XP (CD-ROM with the OS). If you are a beginner, it is the most difficult step. This CD can be purchased from friends or ask the computer programmer. When you find the STARTUP disk Windows (but not before!), Proceed to the next step. When you find the disc, open it and write off the 25-digit key on the paper version of Windows, check whether written off, and save the paper, it will be very, very handy.
Three. Setting up BIOS. "What is the BIOS?», - You ask. The answer is: "When the computer being created, engineers are faced with a problem: how to" explain "the machine (computer) that all the commands needed to load on your hard drive? For this purpose, and was created by BIOS - the program and a chip. It is located on the motherboard of your computer (DO NOT try to find it in the computer system unit), there is recorded a program that provides boot the machine. " Hopefully, now you are more or less clear. Now this same BIOS setup needed to reinstall Windows:• When you start the computer screen you should see the message Press DEL to enter setup (or something like that)• When you see this message, very quickly a few times then press Delete. Congratulations to you! There was a main setup menu BIOS (a blue-white screen). It consists of several items. To move them to press on the keyboard arrow keys. The text is in the right corner of the screen - a hint about the points of BIOS (albeit in English). If you do not have time to enter the BIOS, then reboot the computer and flip Delete again.• Press the arrow keys, locate the item Advanced BIOS Setup, and press the Enter key on your keyboard. After clicking, a menu of advanced options BIOS.• By pressing the "down arrow" key on your keyboard, select the item First Boot Device (first boot device). Then, by pressing the + or - key on the numeric keypad or the Page Down (Up), set the value of adjusting the CD-ROM (this may take the form 0 CD-ROM, IDE CD-ROM or CD Drive).• Find the item Second Boot Device and press the button above, select the value of Hard Disk (HDD 0 or IDE HDD-0).• Insert the Windows CD in the drive.• Press the F10. Then press the «Y» at the computer keyboard, then Enter (confirm save your BIOS). Well, that's all! You have completed setting BIOS'a. We proceed to the next step to reinstall Windows.
4. After restarting the computer the message Press any key to boot from CD. After seeing it, press any key on the keyboard.
Five. If your machine already is running, press Enter. If you want to restore Windows, press R. If you want to install the OS again, removing the old one, press the ESC key on your keyboard. This is the most radical option, which disappear all the viruses and bugs.
6. Next, you will see a screen layout of disk space. The most radical option would be to format (full treatment) SYSTEM section: select by pressing the arrows point to C: [SYSTEM]. Then, press the D key on your keyboard and confirm the removal of the system partition key L. Now you have deleted the system partition.
7. Now select the arrow unallocated space and create a new partition, the size of his leave (if reset) so what is.
Eight. By clicking on the arrows, select the newly created partition and press Enter. Will "clean" installation of Windows XP in this section.
9. Then a window you created the disk format. Choose "Format the partition in the NTFS". When complete, the machine reboots.
10. After rebooting, Windows installation will continue. You now have appeared on the computer graphical user interface. The installation itself takes about 50 minutes (maybe faster). Take the points of installation. When it comes to the 25-znachnog key find in his paper, referred to in paragraph 2. Keep this key. Go on further points of installation. After completion, restart the computer.
11. After rebooting, you will get in you installed Windows. Now, the OS must activate (otherwise it after 30 days will refuse to work).
12. Activation of the licensed version of Windows: press' Start - All Programs - Accessories - System Tools - Activate Windows ». A window activation. Select "Yes, activate Windows by phone." Follow the prompts, call the Activation Center and activate the OS. Then restart your computer.
13. Now install the device drivers (when buying a computer you should appear to the driver bought devices). Start with the motherboard (MotherBoard), then proceed to the installation of additional devices (printer, scanner, monitor, keyboard, etc.). With the installation of drivers, you should have no problems (when you install the drivers from the CD-ROM drive, there are hints).
14. Now find (ask friends, acquaintances or buy) all you need for your application (MS Office, Nero, ACDSee, Opera, Power DVD, ICQ6, and so on). Be sure to put some anti-virus computer security (such as Kaspersky Anti-Virus).
15. Connect to the Internet.
Here, perhaps, all!
Self reinstall the OS - a worthy cause for pride! You feel like a real master of your computer. We can say that the installation of Windows XP to computer companies worth between 700 and 2000 (!) Rubles, so you have already paid for this article in full, and also received invaluable new knowledge. Now you see a fully functional computer. You can get to work!
Note from the administration of the site: All of the above article, not tested and not tested, and expresses the personal opinions of the author's article on this issue, not a guide to action. In this regard, any claims to be the result of using articles to be unfounded. You are using this material at your own risk.