The principle of the mechanism of coupling (how it works)

The principle of the coupling mechanism is as follows. When nevyzhatoy clutch pedal pressure plate, which is called the clutch cover, pushes through the diaphragm spring clutch disc to the flywheel, thus ensuring the transfer of force from the engine to the gearbox. When clutch pedal is depressed the pedal through a cable actuator acts on the release bearing, which moves along the shaft of the gear box and presses the clutch levers. Levers turn back the lead disc springs are compressed, the clutch disc is no longer cling to the flywheel and transmit torque from the engine to the drive shaft of the box. Smooth clutch is ensured by sliding drives until the full pressing them together.
Coupling with two driven wheels is different from the single-disk friction clutch mechanism for the presence of medium pressure plate, which is located between the two driven wheels.
In the majority of Russian trucks use mechanical drive clutch, which consists of a pedal, return spring, thrust roller with lever arm clutch fork, forks, snatch spring clutch with thrust ball bearing.
Turn off the clutch pedal by. In this case, all the drive components come into interaction, resulting in the bearing sleeve presses the inner ends of the levers off, given to the pressure plate and clutch disc is released from the gripping force of springs. When the pedal is released, the clutch includes: a clutch thrust bearing takes its original position, releasing arms off, and the leading drive under the influence of spring presses the clutch disc to the flywheel.
Transmission. Transmission to change the traction on the drive wheels by altering the torque which is transmitted from the crankshaft to the drive wheels when pulling away, traffic on the rise, acceleration and the vehicle is reversing. This occurs through the engagement of gears with different numbers of teeth.
In addition, the gearbox allows the engine and clutch isolation from other mechanisms of transmission switching box in the neutral position, such as when driving at idle or during a prolonged stay. Depending on the vehicle transmission may be four-and five-step.
In general, the gearbox consists of a casing, a pinion shaft, output shaft, intermediate shaft, the axis of reverse gear, power sliding gear mechanism gear.
Master, slave and intermediate shafts are made of steel and mounted on roller bearings, housing has a top and side covers. At the bottom wall of the casing has a hole to drain the used oil, and in the end cap has an opening for filling the boxes with fresh oil. Carter is cast iron.
At present, some models of cars set speed transmission with automatic switching based on microprocessors, as well as continuously variable transmission friction type. Heavy-duty vehicles (75 tonnes and above) used electromechanical transmission.
Transfer Case. On-road vehicles with front and rear drive axles are used transfer cases. Transfer case serves to transmit torque to the drive axle, as well as on and off the front axle. It is generally set for the transmission and connected with her propeller shaft. Depending on the purpose of the transfer case can be performed with an additional reduction gear or without it. It may consist of housing, axle and intermediate shaft, output shaft and front axle drive shaft.
In the simple type of transfer case without the downshift shaft rear axle is constantly connected to the drive mechanisms. To turn the front axle there notched collar. With this enabled the torque on the drive wheels front and rear axles is determined in accordance with the forces of adhesion to the road wheels of the vehicle.
Center differential, which is set in a more complex transfer cases, makes it possible to rotate the drive shafts front and rear axles with different angular velocities. This rotation eliminates slippage of the front wheels when turning, to avoid power losses and saves fuel. Side of the transfer case is placed the gearshift. It consists of two sliders and forks, which are driven by levers located in the cockpit of the car.
Propshaft. For a torque transmission mechanism, shafts are not coaxial, or at an angle, and their relative position may change during the motion due to the unevenness of the road, apply cardan transmission. Apply them also to connect the steering wheel to the steering mechanism and drive some of the support mechanisms.
Propshaft is composed of cardan joints, the main drive shaft, an intermediate drive shaft, the intermediate support. In automobiles, where the main gear is installed in the back ("Volvo-600"), communications gear and main gear is torsion shaft and universal joints are absent. On the cars produced in Russia using rigid fork joints unequal angular velocities, asynchronous on needle bearings. The drive to the front drive wheels, which are managed, used constant velocity joints - synchronous. They rotate on the plug leading to the response is transmitted through the balls that are rolled in circular troughs forks. To center the forks is the central ball.
Propshaft on-road vehicles transmits torque from the gearbox to the transfer case and already from it to the axle. The use of an automatic transmission provides reduced fuel consumption, higher quality gear and a large selection of modes away.
In cardan transmissions of passenger cars are usually installed polukardannye elastic hinges. To compensate for inaccuracies in the assembly of connected mechanisms in case of installation is not rigidly applied under strict polukardannye hinges.
The main gear. To increase the torque and changes its direction at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle as well as to transmit rotary motion from the driveshaft to the drive wheels is the main channel. The main transmission can be single or double bevel. The single main transmission consists of one pair of gears, double - from a pair of cylindrical gears and a pair of bevel gears. Double major transmission mounted on heavy-duty vehicles to increase the transmitted torque.
Simple single-bevel final drives used in passenger cars and small trucks and medium duty vehicles. When using single hypoid gears meshing with the pinion shaft is located below the response that makes it possible to drop below the driveline, removing from the car driveline channel location, and shape of the thickened base of hypoid gear teeth transfer increases their wear resistance and load carrying capacity. In addition, the hypoid pinion gearing lowers center of gravity of the vehicle. Leading a small bevel gear mounted on one of the two conical and cylindrical bearings. It is made with the shaft. Driven by a large bevel gear mounted on a differential box and with it mounted on two tapered bearings in the crankcase rear axle. Gears with spiral teeth used for silent and smooth operation.
To transmit torque from the main transmission to the semiaxes of the car is the differential. It allows the wheels to rotate at different speed when cornering, bumps on the road or at varying degrees of grip, such as slippage, when one wheel is on the soft, loose ground, and another - on the solid.
Bevel gear differentials applied in automobiles, are composed of poluosevyh gears satellites with crosses, boxes differential driven gear final drive. When driving off-road terrain vehicle when used with forced locking differentials or limited slip differential. The case of the differential lock when you turn rigidly connected to pinion gear coupling poluosevoy, which provides the rotation of the wheels with the same angular velocity, regardless of traction. To transmit torque from the differential to the drive wheels are half that, depending on the bending stress can be polunagruzhennymi or polurazgruzhennymi. Fully floating axle shafts are set free in the bridge, and the wheel hub rigidly connected to the flange axis. These half-used in buses and cars on the medium and heavy duty. Polurazgruzhennye axis supported by bearings located inside the girders of the bridge, and the wheel hub rigidly connected to the flange axis. They are used in passenger cars and rear axles of trucks and medium duty vehicles.
Drive axles. Bridges serve as a vehicle axle, the wheels are installed. Bridges may be the leading car, driven steer, leading to steer support. Drive in one unit integrates the main transmission, differential, axle, which are arranged in a single axle casing. When transferring torque mechanisms driving axle housing is experiencing its efforts, which tend to crank the bridge against the rotation of the wheels. From such a turning axle suspension and kept her guide elements, which transmits to the sump of the bridge axial forces that occur when driving a car.
In off-road vehicles with two axles are both top of the bridge, a three-axle vehicles may be three major bridge or two back.
The drive is the drive wheels. To transmit torque from the differential output shafts leading to the front wheels is controlled drive the drive wheels. In addition, it provides the ability to control movement of the vehicle. On the cars drive consists of two shafts: the left and right wheels. Each of the shaft has inner and outer constant velocity joints. The use of two joints due to the use of independent front wheel suspension. Internal hinges provide vertical movement of the wheels when the suspension moves, depending on the pavement, and provide outdoor wheels move when they turn about a vertical axis to change the direction of the vehicle.Chassis
In the car chassis includes frame, front axle (front axle), rear axle (rear axle), front suspension, rear suspension, wheel hubs, wheels and tires. The main bearing element is a car frame or body.
Vehicles, trucks typically consist of a driver's cab and the body of the cargo. Depending on the layout of the car bonnet, and there beskapotnye cabin. The frame of the cabin is fixed so that the frame did not cause distortions of its destruction. In today's truck cab mount done with springs and dampers. The body of the truck has a base connected to the floor. It forms a platform, folding sides and rigidly mounted front side.
Vans have a base frame and cladding, which is used for plywood, plastic, anodized aluminum and other materials.
For the manufacture of car body and frame are used frameless design. Frame design provides better isolation of the body vibrations, frameless design - the lowest weight of the vehicle. Type of car bodies is determined by the amount of functional compartments and structural performance. By the number of volumes of the body perform three-volume, two-volume, and one-volume.
In the three-volume box includes the engine compartment, interior and trunk, in a two-volume - the engine compartment and interior, in Monovolume combined all three functions of volume. Car bodies can be the following types: closed, fully open and the passenger.
To install the steering wheels for trucks is the front axle (front axle). It passes through the suspension to the frame of the wheel longitudinal and lateral forces that occur when driving a car. The front axle is a steel I-section beam with a curved top ends.
At the ends of the axis pin fastened to the uprights swivel pin. On their axes in two taper roller bearing set wheel hubs, which are fastened with locking nut cotter pin. To facilitate the control of the car pivots pivots are the longitudinal and transverse slopes, which allow the wheels to take the vehicle position corresponding to the motion in a straight line. To unload the outer wheel bearing wheel angled ends of the axis of the pins down (camber).
To the motion of the wheels do not slip, they are placed with some converging, ie, the distance between the front wheels must be less than the distance to the rear rims. On cars with a classic layout of transmission with independent suspension front axle beam is formed short, attached to the body. This beam is used for mounting the engine.
The rear axle housing consists of a main transmission housings and axle shafts. He takes over and transmits through the suspension to the frame or body of the car pushing force from the driving wheels in the mode of movement and braking forces during braking. In vehicles with three axles housings middle and rear axles are welded from steel forged components, which are welded to the cover housings, flange mount calipers and the main gear brake, pin wheel hubs, bearings springs and mounting brackets jet rods.
At half after two tapered roller bearing hub wheel set.
Front and rear suspension. Suspension Wheel connects with the body, softens and absorbs shocks wheels on rough roads, ensures smooth operation and dampens vibrations of the body. Suspension is the dependent and independent. When the dependent movement of the suspension of a wheel depends on the movement of the other wheels. With independent suspension, each wheel is connected to the body separately. As an elastic element, which softens the connection of body and wheels, you can use the leaf springs, torsion bars and coil springs.
Shock absorbers. When the wheels of the car bump on the road surface roughness, there are fluctuations in the body. For the suppression of vibrations in liquid suspension design provides shock absorbers of telescopic type or another.

Pprintsip of the carburetor feed system (both work)

P p and n p and n d e d a t a carburetor and I have the following power supply system. When rotating the crankshaft begins to operate the fuel pump, which sucks through the strainer of the fuel tank and pumps it to the carburetor float chamber. Before the pump, or after it passes through the fuel fine filter fuel. When the piston in the cylinder of the gun down the float chamber follows the fuel, and is sucked through the air filter cleaned air.
The jet of air mixed with fuel in the mixing chamber to form a combustible mixture. The inlet valve opens and the fuel-air mixture enters the cylinder, which burns at a certain time step. After combustion of the exhaust valve opens and the combustion products enter the pipeline in the muffler, and then output to the atmosphere.
Fuel lines are steel tubes, which connect all the devices of motor fuel.
For the preparation of a mixture of tiny particles or fumes to the air - fuel mixture - is the carburetor, which may consist of a float chamber to the float and needle valve, spray chamber, the inlet chamber to the choke, the mixing chamber with a diffuser; throttle.
To seal the connections between the systems used cardboard carburetor gaskets or rubber gaskets oil and petrol resistance.
A device that regulates the fuel supply is in the fuel cell. It consists of a float and needle valve. In the mixing chamber, made in the form of a pipe, a tapered neck - the diffuser, which entered the tube from the float chamber - diffuser.
From the float chamber dispenser has a well-defined shape and cross hole - nozzle. Below the diffuser is the throttle. Location of the throttle controls the amount of supply of combustible mixture in the combustion chamber. In addition to its supply of fuel-air mixture is adjusted by increasing the speed of the crankshaft. The level of fuel in the float chamber is reduced, along with the float falls, opening up access to the fuel.
The more the throttle is opened, the greater the air flow rate increases and increases in the discharge end of the gun. The amount of fuel flowing through the fuel injector will increase. However, the enrichment of the mixture prevents the flow of air through an air nozzle that reduces the negative pressure in the fuel jet. As a result of a gun into the mixing chamber receives no petrol, and its emulsion (a mixture of gasoline with air) and in the range from idling to full load fuel-air mixture is depleted of necessary staff.
All devices connected to the engine fuel system of steel tubes - fuel lines. At low speed shaft kolenachatogo for cooking fuel mixture system is idle. As the throttle is almost closed, discharging a gun is so small that the fuel from the main metering system from functioning. At idle, the cylinders is a lot of exhaust gases with respect to the number of the incoming fuel-air mixture. The working mixture burns slowly, so the stable operation of the engine it needs to enrich the fuel. To enrich the fuel is supplied to the throttle in the region of maximum rarefaction.
System consists of the idle fuel jet of idling, the air jet and adjusting screw. Under throttle creates a greater vacuum. Under the influence of the discharge passes through the fuel jet of idling and mixed with air from an air jet, and then in the form of an emulsion derived from a hole under the throttle. The idling has two holes: one hole is located above the throttle, the other below it. At low speeds of the crankshaft through the bottom hole follows the fuel emulsion, and through the top hole sucked the air.
If the throttle is opened, the emulsion enters the combustion chamber through the two holes that allows you to seamlessly go from idle speed to low loads. Orifice is changed by rotating the bottom hole of the adjusting screw. Due to changes in channel cross-section of emulsion can change the quality of supply of combustible mixture. When wrapping a mixture adjustment screw is depleted, the screwing out - enriched.
Stop screw heads throttle controls the amount of incoming mixture. If the screw vvertyvat, the throttle is opened, increasing the number of incoming mixture, which will increase the speed of the engine crankshaft. If the screw choke wrench, throttle closed, the number of the incoming mixture is reduced to decrease the number of revolutions of the crankshaft.
To enrich the fuel mixture at full load and overclocked the car when the throttle is not fully opened, is the economizer. It consists of a valve, which is pressed onto the seat springs, jet and parts of the drive. Economizer valve lever fixedly mounted on the axis of the throttle. The valve is activated when the throttle is opened almost completely and provides an additional fuel supply to the gun.
Since the main metering device provides a smooth depletion of the combustible mixture during the transition from low to medium engine loads, ie, adjusted for the preparation of the composition of the depleted fuel mixture, to obtain maximum engine power is necessary to enrich the mixture. Enrichment is achieved using a mixture of the economizer, when fuel goes to the gun, not only through the main jet, but also through the economizer valve. In this case, the main metering system and economizer, together, provide a rich mixture, which is necessary for high-power engine.
To enrich the fuel mixture during heavy throttle, for engine throttle response, ie, the possibility of a sharp transition from small to large loads, is the accelerator pump, which consists of a well, rod, rods, levers, discharge valve and check valve. When the throttle is opened quickly, the spring is compressed and the piston, moving downward pressure on fuel. Water hammer fuel check valve closes and opens the discharge. Fuel enters the gun through the mixing chamber. The spring decompresses and continues to move the piston down for 1-2 sec, which makes it possible to inject an additional portion of the fuel.
With a sharp throttle the air enters the mixing chamber is much faster than the supply of fuel through the jets and sprays, which leads to a drastic depletion of the combustible mixture and can cause the motor to stop. To avoid this, you need to force the injection of gasoline into the mixing chamber for short-term enrichment of the combustible mixture. Performs this task and the acceleration pump.
To enrich the mixture during starting and warming up the engine starter is the starter. It is a flap with a drive from the cab driver. In order to prevent an excessive concentration in the mixture of air damper may be a valve that opens under the pressure of the atmosphere in the event of a significant dilution in the mixing chamber of the carburetor after engine start. Throttle position is controlled by a cable, derived in the cockpit. Simultaneously with the closing of the throttle slightly open the choke does not allow the engine to stop. The axis of the air damper in the inlet valve is installed asymmetrically, so that under the action of the pressure difference of air flow on both sides of the damper, it sought to open up.
This design prevents the mixture from the throttle pereobogascheniya at start and at the same time, it does not stop the engine, as the mix is ​​automatically enriched with a decrease in the number of revolutions of the crankshaft.
To improve the content and uniform distribution of the combustible mixture to the combustion chambers of cylinders used triple-carburetor. In this case, the main metering device provides a pneumatic brake fuel, which compensates for the composition of the combustible mixture. In the body of the carburetor are two mixing chambers. Each camera feeds its own group of cylinders. Float chamber, the suction pipe with a choke, accelerator pump and economizer are common to both chambers and the carburetor.
To limit the maximum speed of the engine crankshaft is a limiter, which consists of a centrifugal sensor and pneumatic diaphragm mechanism. The sensor is attached to the cover distribution of gears, its rotor is rotated by the engine camshaft. The actuator is attached to the carburetor, affects the throttle. The sensor is connected to the actuator duct and the suction nozzle carburetor. If the engine speed does not exceed the maximum value, the valve is opened the sensor and the upper and lower chamber of the actuator in communication with the suction nozzle and the mixing chamber carburetor. On the throttle at this time the mechanism is not affected.
In the event the excess value of the frequency of the crankshaft to which regulated the sensor, the valve rotor by centrifugal force closes the channel access of air into the cavity under the diaphragm. In this vacuum, transferred from the mixing chamber creates a force to move the diaphragm upward. Through the lever and stem are covered with throttle and engine speed exceeds the set value. Under the action of the spring is stretched, the device returns to its original position and the throttle opening. Modern automotive carburetor system of power is often replaced by injector fuel injection systems, injection system, a system of central single-point fuel injection. The advantage of fuel injection system compared to the carburetor is the absence of additional resistance to air flow in a venturi carburetor. This improves the filling of the combustion chambers of cylinders and obtain a higher engine power improved cylinder scavenging through the use of the possibility of a longer period of valve overlap, improving the quality of preparation of the working mixture in the combustion chambers by blowing clean air without admixture of steam power, provides a greater degree of optimization of the labor mixture at all engine operating conditions, taking into account its technical condition, contributes to a more precise composition of the mixture distribution of fuel in the cylinders, which makes it possible to use gasoline with lower octane.
Distributed injection refers to the most perfect. The basic functional unit of an electronic control unit, which is a vehicle on-board computer. Fuel injection system includes a subsystem of the air with the throttle, a subsystem of the fuel injectors with one for each cylinder, system recovery and liquefaction of gas fumes, exhaust gas after-burning system. The electronic control unit also performs self-diagnostic and diagnostic functions.
In the system of the central single-point injection fuel delivery by means of a central unit with a single injection of an electromagnetic fuel injector, but its main difference is the absence of a separate for each cylinder fuel injection. The distribution of the combustible mixture in the cylinders is the same as in the carburetor system.The power supply system of diesel engine
The power supply system of diesel engine is designed to ensure a sufficient supply of fuel to the car, clean fuel and distribute it to the engine cylinders are strictly dosed in portions according to the order of work, speed and load operating mode of the engine. The main difference between the diesel engine from the carburetor as follows. In a diesel engine clean air is sucked into the cylinders and they are subjected to high compression ratio. As a consequence, in the cylinder creates a temperature higher than the ignition temperature of diesel fuel.
When the piston is almost at the top dead center, in a highly compressed, the temperature reaches +600 ° C air is injected diesel fuel, which consists of a mixture of kerosene, gas oil and solyarovyh fractions. Diesel fuel is lit by itself, spark plugs are not required. To achieve a high temperature of the compressed air engine is cold, in every cell of the vortex engine is a spark plug. In addition, the diesel engine is equipped with an accelerator run in the cold state, which is included on the instrument panel button, or automatically.
From the fuel tank diesel fuel is sucked into a high pressure pump through the fuel filter, which traps water and dirt. Fuel is supplied only if there is no air in the system. The pump creates the necessary injection pressure and fuel is distributed to the cylinders. Amount of injected fuel is regulated by pressing the gas pedal. After jet fuel is fed into the antechamber of the cylinder. Since the diesel engine does not need the ignition and the cycle is not interrupted by power failure in the ignition filament in the construction of the diesel engine provides the solenoid valve. When the ignition voltage across it disappears and the channel closes the fuel receipt.
In the power supply system of diesel engine truck (KAMAZ-740) enters the fuel tank, air prefilter, fine filter air, fuel pump, high pressure fuel pump with the speed controller and automatic clutch timing of fuel injection, fuel injectors, high pressure pipes low-pressure piping, air filter, exhaust gas, exhaust silencers.
Fuel delivery is carried out by two routes: high and low pressure. In the line of low pressure fuel is stored, it is filtered and feed under low pressure to the fuel pump pressure. In the line of high-pressure ensures flow and injecting the necessary amount of fuel into the engine cylinders at the moment. Fuel pump delivers fuel from the tank through the filters of coarse and fine filter on the low-pressure fuel line to the fuel pump pressure, which is in accordance with the order of the cylinders for high pressure fuel line delivers fuel to the injectors. The nozzles are located in the cylinder heads, squirt and spray fuel into the engine combustion chamber. Since the fuel pump delivers fuel pump high pressure fuel more than you need, then its excess, and with it got air in the system of drainage pipes drained back into the tank.
High pressure fuel pump is the main instrument of power diesels. It is intended for a strictly uniform giving a certain dose of fuel to the engine nozzles under high pressure for a certain period of time according to the order of the cylinders of the engine. It consists of the same section by the number of engine cylinders. The section includes a housing, a plunger sleeve (sleeve), plunger, rotary bushing, outlet valve, which is pinned to the sleeve fitting plunger through the gasket.

The operating principle of the turbocharger (as work)

P p and n p and n d e d a t a turbocharger and I is the following. On the shaft of the turbocharger turbine wheels sit two, placed in two separate buildings. The driving force for the turbine wheels are the exhaust gases of diesel engines. They scatter the compressor shaft, and as the rotor and the rotor exhaust fresh air sitting on the same shaft, then with the same turns of fresh air is injected into the cylinders. The use of a turbocharger increases as the engine power and torque. A prerequisite for the effective operation of the engine is a certain shaft speed compressor, which guarantees a good degree of filling. Typically, the motor rotates at a speed not less than 3000 rev / min.The elements of the fuel, clean air and exhaust gas
The fuel tank has a filler neck with strainer and internal partitions to eliminate the sharp movements of the fuel when moving the car. In the fuel cap has steamair cooling valve. In the tank is located Poplavnoi fuel level sensor. Capacity of fuel tanks are usually designed for 500 kilometers. Fuel tanks are made of steel sheet.
The fuel pump is used to feed on the fuel line from the fuel tank to the carburetor. Have fuel pumps in the collapse of the engine or side cover distribution gear. The most widely used fuel pump diaphragm type. The fuel pump is operated directly by the eccentric cam shaft or through the bar, as well as a lever for manual fuel supply. With clash of eccentric rods or pressure on the outer end of the double-arm lever diaphragm pump rod is pulled down, and the injector spring is compressed. Above the diaphragm creates a vacuum under the action of which the inlet valves open pump. Fuel fills the cavity below the diaphragm. When the cam runs away with the external lever arm or a weaker rod pressure, the diaphragm under the action of the spring discharge is returned to its original position. Under the diaphragm creates a fuel pressure under the action of which the inlet valves are closed and the exhaust valve opens. Fuel from the carburetor is forced into the carburetor. To apply the fuel to the carburetor with the engine off, you need to click several times on the lever manual pumping fuel.
Installed on diesel engines fuel pump piston type, which is fixed to the pump. The drive from the eccentric shaft of the pump.
When the piston moves downward under the action of the spring, and above it a vacuum, and fuel is sucked into the cavity. A fuel in a piston, is forced into the trunk to the fuel pump. When the piston moves upward under the influence of eccentric fuel is pushed through the discharge valve in the same line and through the fine filter goes to the fuel pump pressure. The piston is in the pipeline when the set pressure will not move, as the spring pressure on the piston by the piston and the fuel will be the same.
Hand pump is installed on the fuel pump housing. If the engine is not running, using the hand pump can pump up the fuel line. In addition, he is used to remove air from the supply system before starting the engine. High-pressure fuel lines are made of steel tubes. The ends of the tubes are pressed against the cone and cap nuts jacks fittings high pressure fuel pump and injector engine.
Fuel filters installed in addition to mesh type fuel filler cap in the housing and the fuel pump nozzle carburetor float chamber. Fuel from the tank enters the filter sump strainer, which separates the fuel from mechanical impurities and water. Removable filter element filter consists of thin plates. Fuel is cleared, passing through the gap between them. Coarse filter diesel fuel set on a frame vehicle. Major mechanical impurities and water collected in the bottom of the cup, and from the top through a strainer is supplied fuel to the fuel pump.
The fine filter is a ceramic filter element, or a copper grid with a fine mesh, rolled into a roll. Install it in front of the carburetor. In diesel engines the final fine filter cleans the fuel before it enters the injection pump and set at the highest point of diesel power system for the collection and disposal through a special valve-jet air trapped in the system. Each filter section has a paper filter elements.
The air filter is installed on the carburetor, or connected to the carburetor through the air pipe. It consists of a body with an oil bath, cover with the pipe, the filter element and the retaining screw with wing nut. In the inertial-oil filter air passes repeated cleaning.
On cars often install air filter with a dry filter element with two stages of cleaning. The outer layer of non-woven synthetic fibers provides primary treatment, secondary treatment for an internal box made of corrugated cardboard.
To file a combustible mixture in the combustion chamber of engine cylinders are inlet pipes (sewers). In the reservoirs is a complex system of canals, which are designed for the distribution of the combustible mixture from the mixing chamber carburetor to the cylinders. The space between the channels of the reservoir communicates with the cavity cooling the cylinder heads. Thus, the intake manifold is heated in order to better vaporization of fuel. Fiber or cardboard gaskets are gaskets in the joints. To remove exhaust gases from the cylinders of the engine exhaust pipes are used (collectors). They are made separately for each cylinder and fastened to the outside of the cylinder heads. As the sealing gaskets used metalloasbestovye.
To reduce the exhaust noise is the muffler. It is a cylinder which is placed inside a tube with many holes and multiple partitions. The cylinder can be made with a double layer teploshumoizoliruyuschey. The muffler is connected to the exhaust manifold heat-resistant steel tubes.

How to reduce fuel consumption

Despite the fact that injection engines are more economical than the carburetor, reducing fuel consumption remains an important task for every car owner.Some drivers have not got so far from "sovkovskoy" habit "to refine the car with a file" and look for "magic" ways to reduce fuel consumption. What is not often used by all sorts of scams, offering such "magic" pills. Meanwhile, there is a well-known, but not always applicable for ways to reduce fuel consumption, without any mysticism in strict accordance the laws of physics and engineering.For the injector one of the most significant factors is the quality of fuel and the fuel line the engine settings. Always fill the tank of your car just the fuel that is recommended. It is this fuel will provide your car the best dynamics with the least wear and the least possible consumption. Unfortunately, in the Russian context, this advice seems like a mockery. Poor fuel quality and characteristics of non-conformity to the declared mark appears too frequently.Quality fuel at every gas station - is the dream of the Russian motorist. However, usually in low quality workers are not to blame for fueling. This brought gasoline suppliers. But it is better to buy petrol from reliable suppliers, who from time to time provide adequate quality.Equally important is the technical serviceability of the car: clean filters, fresh engine oil, serviceable ignition system and nutrition, the right angles of the alignment of the wheels and so on. Providing these requirements allows us to keep close to the consumption of gasoline nominal level, ie in comparison with the vehicle mentioned earlier, a 20-30% reduction in fuel consumption as the injector, as well as on other types of engines.Install the appropriate tires for the season. Although, in the winter of softer tires consumption will inevitably increase, but security still important. But with the advent of the warm season, summer tires help to reduce the consumption of a few percent.Some experts recommend the same to increase tire pressure by 0.2-0.3 bars of nominal. This is a great recommendation, but only if you drive on a good road (I have not seen, but they say somewhere in Russia there is a good way). If you are driving on an ordinary cold ... potholes, the fuel you may be cut, but increased wear and tear of body and powertrain, as well as an increased load on the spine of the driver and passengers, will cost an order of magnitude more expensive. And while driving through mud or snow, high blood pressure lead to a lot of slipping, which will only increase the gas mileage.Another "trick" is a nice drive. No matter how corny it sounds, but compliance with the rules of the road reduces fuel consumption. For many drivers, this means compliance with speed limits banal. The fact that the nominal rate specified for cruising on the highway. When driving in the city neminuemy constant accelerations and decelerations at which gasoline consumption increases. The smaller the acceleration and deceleration, and less sharp than they are, the less you have to pay at the gas station.Another item on the SDA, which many drivers neglect is off when the transfer stops at traffic lights. If fuel economy is relevant to you, the shift lever must be put in a neutral position at all stops. In this case, the engine will run at idle, instead of twisting transmission, and consumption is reduced significantly.Correctly and on time to shift gears. The minimum flow is reached at a certain frequency of rotation of the motor shaft (for injection is 2000 - 2500 rev / min). Try to keep the speed in this range. But do not forget when you switch on the top gear to ensure a small peregazovku (for injection to 2500 - 3000 rev / min). Also avoid engine braking (except in emergencies of course).The dynamics of the vehicle and fuel consumption is very strongly influenced by the aerodynamic properties of the vehicle. First of all, get rid of the luggage on the roof if you do not need. It is not advisable as open windows, especially when driving at high speed.Increased consumption leads to the use of air conditioning or weight. Well, advise summer heat air conditioner off to save fuel - is absurd. For what you are buying a car with air conditioning, but for the sake of comfort? Although there is a situation where better to sweat: if the fuel is almost zero, and you're trying to at all costs to hold on to the gas station. But throw out all the luggage is not necessary - it's a good recommendation.Finally, there is another tip that many seem silly, but for common reflection, for most people it is quite appropriate. Try to use the car less. Remember that walking or cycling are good for health. And if you go to work for a company with a friend, a time in your car and just drive through a friend, the flow rate can be reduced by 2 times - more than all of the above methods are combined

how to prevent accidents

Every year on the roads there are thousands of novice drivers. In this article we will try to give some helpful tips for beginners.
Once a person gets the right, the number one issue is the purchase and selection of cars. As the first car should not be considered a very powerful cars, as for their sound management requires appropriate skills. We do not recommend buying the first available machine. Must first determine what are the requirements for the machine. In order to choose the right car, you need to read the press, find online car reviews, car advice. You can contact the experts and get advice on car to your question.
The most important quality of the driver's peace of mind while driving, which are new to cultivate - a complete control of their emotions. Calm behind the wheel does not mean relaxation and easing of the reaction. Be calm in situations where you honking horn or headlights. Inexperienced driver under the influence of this can make unnecessarily harsh maneuver to make mistakes and encounter.
The probability of an accident after driving for beginners the first 5-7 thousand kilometers increases when fear and caution has replaced a dangerous complacency. And experience shows that confidence is more dangerous inexperience.
Sitting behind the wheel of a car, remember that it is necessary to respect the culture of driving on the road, although many road users are not familiar with this concept. No need to pay attention to the reckless. It is always important to remember, if you eat fast and do not follow traffic rules, you endanger not only themselves but also other members of burly of movement.
On the road, as well as in everyday life, to be polite. We urge all motorists to observe the rules "road etiquette." These include flashing emergency gang, in gratitude for the fact that your car is missed or made to reorganize.
Each driver is definitely a pedestrian and he knows the reality of relations between people of these two categories. Drivers ignore the ground pedestrian crossings, and pedestrians - underground. The overall culture of pedestrians in Russia is still lower than the overall culture of the drivers. So be vigilant on the road and remember that even the loss of an expensive car - there is nothing in comparison with human life.

10 tips how to prevent accidents

Taking into account the fact that the movement of Russian roads recalls the struggle for survival in the jungle, we would like to give our readers a nontrivial 10 Tips to protect yourself in these conditions. We will not mention the truisms such as 'Look to the right and left, crossing the intersection' or 'keep your distance', which is known to every driver. We summarized the experience of professional drivers, as well as extreme driving school instructors. Hopefully, some tips to help you.A. Avoid the left lane. Using the center or right lane on the freeway, you get more 'room for maneuver' when there is a danger that requires rebuilding. Most accidents occur on highways in the left lane. In addition, you no longer visible to the speed control.Two. Control the space of the road as far as possible. We must not only follow the car ahead, but also to control the traffic in front of her. Thus you have the opportunity to see the danger and react to it, and not to depend on the reaction of the driver's vehicle in front, which may be inadequate or very unexpected, such as during heavy braking.Three. Beware of blind spots. Customize your car mirror to get the most complete survey of the space around the car, but never fully rely on the mirror. Always throw a side glance to where trying to rebuild. Also, always take into account blind spots for other drivers around you, especially truck traffic, and try to quickly go out of these zones themselves.4. The position of hands on the wheel at 3 and 9 o'clock, by analogy with the dial. Instead of a lazy one-handed operation for 12 hours, or two hands to the steering wheel at the bottom of this provision allows maximum control of the car for a quick response to potential danger.Five. Control your car, how does a professional racer. An important point - to set the driver's seat so that when his outstretched hands brush your hands to lie quietly on the top of the steering wheel back and rested against the seat. This not only protects your hands from extreme fatigue, but also allows them to be in the best position for a sharp maneuver to avoid the danger. Typical error - thrown back seat back, resulting in half-lying position.6. Judge of the driver as his vehicle. If the number of running a car is damaged or dirty body misted windows, it is necessary to conclude that you are dealing with an inattentive driver. Also within the wagging band indicates a tired, drunk or talking on the phone driver - keep away from such neighbors!7.Znay limits of his car. Sitting behind the wheel of an unfamiliar car, pay attention to how the car behaves in critical situations. For example, if the car lurches too much in corners, this should lead one to believe that twist the steering wheel at high speed to avoid an accident will be a dangerous undertaking. The key points is also an introduction to the brake by the state and condition. What is the stopping distance at maximum press on the brake? How good way to keep the tires? If you replace the factory recommended tire on the cheap, you are likely to worsen the brakes and handling.Eight. Keep your car in good condition. This means compliance with the recommendations of the factory for servicing the car. In this case, the car will accelerate, slow and controlled way we want it. Review the folk wisdom 'dokatat old tires. " When driving on a slippery section of road suddenly you have a good chance to meet with the fence.9. Night driving is not the best time. Some drivers prefer to travel at night to avoid traffic jams, but here are some dangers lie. In addition to your fatigue, and enhanced visibility, keep in mind that the next and go frolicking teenagers, as well as tipsy or tired drivers. Keep the car very carefully after midnight, when many people are leaving drinking establishments. And for God's sake, never move at night with a burnt front or back of the headlamp.10. Pass rates of extreme driving. This may seem like the cost of a whim, but the rates of extreme driving - this is the best way to get a driver's skills. Here you will learn to drive a car on the 'limit', will give an opportunity to practice maneuvers for avoiding a collision, get acquainted with the controlled skid in a controlled and safe environment. The ability to make the machine do what you want in an emergency situation could save your life.There is no 100% way to prevent GOVERNMENTAL accident. You can only control what you are doing yourself behind the wheel, and not other members of the movement. But be responsible and focused on driving. This is no time for phone calls, shaving or prochityvaniya e-mail. Believe me, driving - it's not mindless automatic exercise. This is an exercise in self-restraint, self-defense and self-preservation.